Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Gold Standard shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Gold Standard offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Gold Standard at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Gold Standard? Wrong! If the Gold Standard is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Gold Standard then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Gold Standard? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Gold Standard and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Gold Standard wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Gold Standard then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Gold Standard site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Gold Standard, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Gold Standard, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

The gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economics unit of account is a fixed weight of gold.

Under the gold standard, currency issuers guarantee to redeem notes, upon demand, in that amount of gold. Governments that employ such a fixed unit of account, and which will redeem their notes to other governments in gold, share a fixed-currency relationship. The gold standard is not currently used by any government or central bank, having been replaced completely by fiat currency. However, private currency backed by gold is in use.

Why gold? Due to its rarity, durability, easy divisity, and the general ease of identification through its medium, wigold as the metal of monetary reserve. Even after silver was no longer basis of currency, gold remained a base global currency until the collapse of the Bretton Woods system.

Early coinage The first metal used as a currency was silver more than 4,000 years ago, when silver ingots were used in trade. Gold coins first were used from 600 B.C. However, long before this time, gold, as per silver, was used as a store of wealth and the basis for trade contracts in Akkadia, and later in Ancient Egypt. Silver remained the most common monetary metal used in ordinary transactions until the 20th century.

The Persian Empire collected taxes in gold, and when it was conquered by Alexander the Great, this gold became the basis for the gold coinage of Alexander's Macedon. The Roman Empire mint (coin) two important gold coins: the aureus, which was ~7 grams of gold alloyed with silver, and the smaller Solidus (coin), which weighed 4.4 grams, of which 4.2 was gold. These values applied only to the early Empire. Later Roman and Byzantine coins were frequently diluted with other metals, in an attempt to expand the money supply

The dinar and dirham were gold and silver coins, respectively, originally minted by the Persians. The Caliphates in the Islamic world adopted these coins, starting with Caliph Abd al-Malik (685–705)

In 1284, the Republic of Venice coined its first solid gold coin, the ducat. Other coins, the Italian coin florin, noble (English coin), grosh, złoty, and British coin Guinea, also were introduced at this time by other European states to facilitate growing trade. Beginning with the conquest of the Aztec Empire and Inca Empires, Spain had access to stocks of new gold for coinage in addition to silver. The wide availability of milled and cob gold coins made it possible for the West Indies to make gold the only legal tender in 1704. The circulation of Spanish coins would create the unit of account for the United States, the "dollar" based on the Spanish silver real, and Philadelphia's currency market would trade in Spanish colonial coins.

History of the modern gold standard The crisis of silver currency and bank notes (1750–1870) In the late 18th century, wars and trade with China, which sold many trade goods to Europe but had little use for European goods, drained silver from the economies of Western Europe and the United States. Coins were struck in smaller and smaller amounts, and there was a proliferation of bank and stock notes used as money.

In the 1790s Britain suffered a massive shortage of silver coinage and ceased to mint larger silver coins. It issued "token" silver coins and overstruck foreign coins. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Britain began a massive recoinage program that created standard gold sovereigns and circulating crowns, half-crowns, and eventually copper farthings in 1821. In 1833, Bank of England notes were made legal tender, and redemption by other banks was discouraged. In 1844 the Bank Charter Act established that Bank of England notes, fully backed by gold, were the legal standard. According to the strict interpretation of the gold standard, this 1844 Act marks the establishment of a full gold standard for British money.There were 113 grain (measure) (7.32g) of gold to one pound sterling.

The US adopted a silver standard based on the "Spanish milled dollar" in July 1785. This was codified in the 1792 Coinage Act (1792). This began a long series of attempts for America to create a Bimetallism standard for the US Dollar, which would continue until the 1930s. Because of the huge debt taken on by the US Federal Government to finance the American Revolution, silver coins struck by the government left circulation, and in 1806 Thomas Jefferson suspended the minting of silver coins. The United States Department of the Treasury was put on a strict "hard money" standard, doing business only in gold or silver coin as part of the Independent Treasury Act of 1846, which legally separated the accounts of the Federal Government from the banking system. Following Gresham's law, silver poured into the US, which traded with other silver nations, and gold moved out. In 1853, the US reduced the silver weight of coins, to keep them in circulation.

Establishment of the international gold standard Germany was created as a unified country following the Franco-Prussian War; it established the German gold mark. Rapidly most other nations followed suit. Gold became a transportable, universal and stable unit of valuation, and the world's dominant economy, the United Kingdom, had a longstanding commitment to the gold standard.D.Baines Economic history in the 20th century (London: London School of Economics/University of London External Programme 2003), chapter 4. See Globalization.

Dates of adoption of a gold standard:

Throughout the decade of the 1870s deflationary and depression (economics)ary economics created periodic demands for silver currency. However, such attempts generally failed, and continued the general pressure towards a gold standard. By 1879, only gold coins were accepted through the Latin Monetary Union, composed of France, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland and later Greece, even though silver was, in theory, a circulating medium.

Gold standard from peak to crisis (1901–1932) Abandoning the standard to fund the war To fund operations during World War I, the United Kingdom was forced to end convertibility of Bank of England notes to gold starting in 1914. By the end of the war Britain was on a series of fiat currency regulations, which monetized Postal Money Orders and Treasury Notes (later called banknotes, not to be confused with Treasury security#Treasury note). The United States took similar measures. After the war, Germany, losing much of its gold in reparations, could no longer coin gold “Reichsmarks,” and moved to paper currency, although the Weimar Republic later introduced the “German rentenmark,” and later the gold-backed German reichsmark in an effort to control hyperinflation.

In the UK the Pound sterling was returned to the gold standard in 1925, by a somewhat reluctant Winston Churchill. Although a higher gold price and significant inflation had followed the WWI ending of the gold standard, Churchill returned to the standard at the pre-war gold price. For five years prior to 1925 the gold price was managed downward to the pre-war level, causing deflation throughout those countries using the Pound Sterling. This deflation reached across the remnants of the British Empire everywhere the Pound Sterling was still used as the primary unit of account. In the UK the standard was again abandoned on September 20, 1931. Sweden abandoned the gold standard in October 1931, the US in 1933, and other nations were, to one degree or another, forced off the gold standard.

The depression and Second World War British hesitate to return to gold standard During the 1939–1942 period, the UK depleted much of its gold stock in purchases of munitions and weaponry on a “cash and carry” basis from the US and other nations . This depletion of the UK’s reserve signalled to Winston Churchill that returning to a pre-war style gold standard was impractical. John Maynard Keynes, who had argued against such a gold standard, became increasingly influential: his proposals, a more wide ranging version of the “stability pact” style gold standard, would find expression in the Bretton Woods Agreement.

Post-war international gold standard (1946–1971) Theory The essential features of the gold standard in theory rest on the idea that inflation is caused by an increase in the Money supply, an idea advocated by David Hume, and that uncertainty over the future purchasing power of money depresses business confidence and leads to reduced trade and capital investment.

Differing definitions of gold standard If the monetary authority holds sufficient gold to convert all circulating money, then this is known as a 100% reserve gold standard, or a full gold standard. In some cases it is referred to as the Gold Specie Standard to more easily separate it from the other forms of gold standard that have existed at various times. The 100% reserve standard is generally considered unworkable because the quantity of gold in the world is too small a quantity of money to sustain current worldwide economic activity and the "right" quantity of money (ie one that avoids either inflation or deflation) is not a fixed quantity, but varies continuously with the level of commercial activity.

In an international gold-standard system, which may exist in the absence of any internal gold standard, gold or a currency that is convertible into gold at a fixed price is used as a means of making international payments. Under such a system, when exchange rates rise above or fall below the fixed mint rate by more than the cost of shipping gold from one country to another, large inflows or outflows occur until the rates return to the official level. International gold standards often limit which entities have the right to redeem currency for gold. Under the Bretton Woods system, these were called "SDRs" for Special Drawing Rights.

Perceived stability offered by gold standard The gold standard, in theory, limits the power of governments to cause price inflation by excessive issue of paper currency. It is also supposed to create certainty in international trade by providing a fixed pattern of exchange rates. Under the classical international gold standard, disturbances in the price level in one country would be wholly or partly offset by an automatic balance-of-payment adjustment mechanism called the “price specie flow mechanism”. At the time of the Bretton Woods agreement, it was believed that markets internally always clear (See Say’s Law). However, in practice, wages, not capital, depreciate in price first.

Mundell-Fleming model According to modern neo-classical synthesis economics, the Mundell-Fleming Model describes the behavior of currencies under a gold standard. Since the value of the currencies is fixed by the par value of each currency to gold, the remaining freedom of action is distributed between free movement of capital, and effective monetary and fiscal policy. One reason that most modern macro-economists do not support a return to gold is the fear that this remaining amount of freedom would be insufficient to combat large downturns or deflation.

Advocates and opponents of a renewed gold standard The return to the gold standard is supported by Objectivist philosophy, followers of the Austrian School, and many libertarianism.

It is generally opposed by the vast majority of governments and economists, because the gold standard has frequently been shown to provide insufficient flexibility in the money supply and in fiscal policy, because the supply of newly mined gold is finite and must be carefully husbanded and accounted for.

Few economists today advocate a return to the gold standard, other than the Austrian school and some supply-side economics. However, many prominent economists are sympathetic with a hard currency basis, and argue against fiat money, including former US Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan and macro-economist Robert Barro. The current monetary system relies on the US Dollar as an “anchor currency” which major transactions, such as the price of gold itself, are measured in. Currency instabilities, inconvertibility and credit access restriction are a few reasons why the current system has been criticized. A host of alternatives have been suggested, including energy-based currencies, market baskets of currencies or commodities; gold is merely one of these alternatives.

In 2001 Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad proposed a new currency that would be used initially for international trade between Muslim nations. The currency he proposed was called the islamic gold dinar and it was defined as 4.25 grams of 24 carat (purity) (100%) gold. Mahathir Mohamad promoted the concept on the basis of its economic merits as a stable unit of account and also as a political symbol to create greater unity between Islamic nations. The purported purpose of this move would be to reduce dependence on the United States dollar as a reserve currency, and to establish a non-debt-backed currency in accord with Sharia against the charging of interest. Nonetheless, gold dinar currency has not yet materialized .

Ron Paul, a congressman from Texas and candidate for the 2008 Republican nomination for President, advocates the U.S. abolishment of the Federal Reserve and reinstitution of the gold standard.

Gold as a reserve today , still form an important currency reserve and store of private wealth.

During the 1990s Russia liquidated much of the former USSR's gold reserves, while several other nations accumulated gold in preparation for the Economic and Monetary Union. The Swiss Franc left a full gold-convertible backing. However, official gold reserves are held in significant quantity by many nations as a means of defending their currency, and hedging against the US Dollar, which forms the bulk of liquid currency reserves. Weakness in the US Dollar tends to be offset by strengthening of gold prices. Gold remains a principal financial asset of almost all central banks alongside foreign currencies and government bonds. It is also held by central banks as a way of hedging against loans to their own governments as an "internal reserve". Approximately 25% of all above-ground gold is held in reserves by central banks.

Both gold coins and gold bars are widely traded in deeply liquid markets, and therefore still serve as a private store of wealth. Also some privately issued currencies, such as digital gold currency, are backed by gold reserves.

In 1999, to protect the value of gold as a reserve, European Central Bankers signed the "Washington Agreement", which stated they would not allow gold leasing for speculative purposes, nor would they "enter the market as sellers" except for sales that had already been agreed upon.

See also

References





Articles

External links

The gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economics unit of account is a fixed weight of gold.

Under the gold standard, currency issuers guarantee to redeem notes, upon demand, in that amount of gold. Governments that employ such a fixed unit of account, and which will redeem their notes to other governments in gold, share a fixed-currency relationship. The gold standard is not currently used by any government or central bank, having been replaced completely by fiat currency. However, private currency backed by gold is in use.

Why gold? Due to its rarity, durability, easy divisity, and the general ease of identification through its medium, wigold as the metal of monetary reserve. Even after silver was no longer basis of currency, gold remained a base global currency until the collapse of the Bretton Woods system.

Early coinage The first metal used as a currency was silver more than 4,000 years ago, when silver ingots were used in trade. Gold coins first were used from 600 B.C. However, long before this time, gold, as per silver, was used as a store of wealth and the basis for trade contracts in Akkadia, and later in Ancient Egypt. Silver remained the most common monetary metal used in ordinary transactions until the 20th century.

The Persian Empire collected taxes in gold, and when it was conquered by Alexander the Great, this gold became the basis for the gold coinage of Alexander's Macedon. The Roman Empire mint (coin) two important gold coins: the aureus, which was ~7 grams of gold alloyed with silver, and the smaller Solidus (coin), which weighed 4.4 grams, of which 4.2 was gold. These values applied only to the early Empire. Later Roman and Byzantine coins were frequently diluted with other metals, in an attempt to expand the money supply

The dinar and dirham were gold and silver coins, respectively, originally minted by the Persians. The Caliphates in the Islamic world adopted these coins, starting with Caliph Abd al-Malik (685–705)

In 1284, the Republic of Venice coined its first solid gold coin, the ducat. Other coins, the Italian coin florin, noble (English coin), grosh, złoty, and British coin Guinea, also were introduced at this time by other European states to facilitate growing trade. Beginning with the conquest of the Aztec Empire and Inca Empires, Spain had access to stocks of new gold for coinage in addition to silver. The wide availability of milled and cob gold coins made it possible for the West Indies to make gold the only legal tender in 1704. The circulation of Spanish coins would create the unit of account for the United States, the "dollar" based on the Spanish silver real, and Philadelphia's currency market would trade in Spanish colonial coins.

History of the modern gold standard The crisis of silver currency and bank notes (1750–1870) In the late 18th century, wars and trade with China, which sold many trade goods to Europe but had little use for European goods, drained silver from the economies of Western Europe and the United States. Coins were struck in smaller and smaller amounts, and there was a proliferation of bank and stock notes used as money.

In the 1790s Britain suffered a massive shortage of silver coinage and ceased to mint larger silver coins. It issued "token" silver coins and overstruck foreign coins. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Britain began a massive recoinage program that created standard gold sovereigns and circulating crowns, half-crowns, and eventually copper farthings in 1821. In 1833, Bank of England notes were made legal tender, and redemption by other banks was discouraged. In 1844 the Bank Charter Act established that Bank of England notes, fully backed by gold, were the legal standard. According to the strict interpretation of the gold standard, this 1844 Act marks the establishment of a full gold standard for British money.There were 113 grain (measure) (7.32g) of gold to one pound sterling.

The US adopted a silver standard based on the "Spanish milled dollar" in July 1785. This was codified in the 1792 Coinage Act (1792). This began a long series of attempts for America to create a Bimetallism standard for the US Dollar, which would continue until the 1930s. Because of the huge debt taken on by the US Federal Government to finance the American Revolution, silver coins struck by the government left circulation, and in 1806 Thomas Jefferson suspended the minting of silver coins. The United States Department of the Treasury was put on a strict "hard money" standard, doing business only in gold or silver coin as part of the Independent Treasury Act of 1846, which legally separated the accounts of the Federal Government from the banking system. Following Gresham's law, silver poured into the US, which traded with other silver nations, and gold moved out. In 1853, the US reduced the silver weight of coins, to keep them in circulation.

Establishment of the international gold standard Germany was created as a unified country following the Franco-Prussian War; it established the German gold mark. Rapidly most other nations followed suit. Gold became a transportable, universal and stable unit of valuation, and the world's dominant economy, the United Kingdom, had a longstanding commitment to the gold standard.D.Baines Economic history in the 20th century (London: London School of Economics/University of London External Programme 2003), chapter 4. See Globalization.

Dates of adoption of a gold standard:

Throughout the decade of the 1870s deflationary and depression (economics)ary economics created periodic demands for silver currency. However, such attempts generally failed, and continued the general pressure towards a gold standard. By 1879, only gold coins were accepted through the Latin Monetary Union, composed of France, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland and later Greece, even though silver was, in theory, a circulating medium.

Gold standard from peak to crisis (1901–1932) Abandoning the standard to fund the war To fund operations during World War I, the United Kingdom was forced to end convertibility of Bank of England notes to gold starting in 1914. By the end of the war Britain was on a series of fiat currency regulations, which monetized Postal Money Orders and Treasury Notes (later called banknotes, not to be confused with Treasury security#Treasury note). The United States took similar measures. After the war, Germany, losing much of its gold in reparations, could no longer coin gold “Reichsmarks,” and moved to paper currency, although the Weimar Republic later introduced the “German rentenmark,” and later the gold-backed German reichsmark in an effort to control hyperinflation.

In the UK the Pound sterling was returned to the gold standard in 1925, by a somewhat reluctant Winston Churchill. Although a higher gold price and significant inflation had followed the WWI ending of the gold standard, Churchill returned to the standard at the pre-war gold price. For five years prior to 1925 the gold price was managed downward to the pre-war level, causing deflation throughout those countries using the Pound Sterling. This deflation reached across the remnants of the British Empire everywhere the Pound Sterling was still used as the primary unit of account. In the UK the standard was again abandoned on September 20, 1931. Sweden abandoned the gold standard in October 1931, the US in 1933, and other nations were, to one degree or another, forced off the gold standard.

The depression and Second World War British hesitate to return to gold standard During the 1939–1942 period, the UK depleted much of its gold stock in purchases of munitions and weaponry on a “cash and carry” basis from the US and other nations . This depletion of the UK’s reserve signalled to Winston Churchill that returning to a pre-war style gold standard was impractical. John Maynard Keynes, who had argued against such a gold standard, became increasingly influential: his proposals, a more wide ranging version of the “stability pact” style gold standard, would find expression in the Bretton Woods Agreement.

Post-war international gold standard (1946–1971) Theory The essential features of the gold standard in theory rest on the idea that inflation is caused by an increase in the Money supply, an idea advocated by David Hume, and that uncertainty over the future purchasing power of money depresses business confidence and leads to reduced trade and capital investment.

Differing definitions of gold standard If the monetary authority holds sufficient gold to convert all circulating money, then this is known as a 100% reserve gold standard, or a full gold standard. In some cases it is referred to as the Gold Specie Standard to more easily separate it from the other forms of gold standard that have existed at various times. The 100% reserve standard is generally considered unworkable because the quantity of gold in the world is too small a quantity of money to sustain current worldwide economic activity and the "right" quantity of money (ie one that avoids either inflation or deflation) is not a fixed quantity, but varies continuously with the level of commercial activity.

In an international gold-standard system, which may exist in the absence of any internal gold standard, gold or a currency that is convertible into gold at a fixed price is used as a means of making international payments. Under such a system, when exchange rates rise above or fall below the fixed mint rate by more than the cost of shipping gold from one country to another, large inflows or outflows occur until the rates return to the official level. International gold standards often limit which entities have the right to redeem currency for gold. Under the Bretton Woods system, these were called "SDRs" for Special Drawing Rights.

Perceived stability offered by gold standard The gold standard, in theory, limits the power of governments to cause price inflation by excessive issue of paper currency. It is also supposed to create certainty in international trade by providing a fixed pattern of exchange rates. Under the classical international gold standard, disturbances in the price level in one country would be wholly or partly offset by an automatic balance-of-payment adjustment mechanism called the “price specie flow mechanism”. At the time of the Bretton Woods agreement, it was believed that markets internally always clear (See Say’s Law). However, in practice, wages, not capital, depreciate in price first.

Mundell-Fleming model According to modern neo-classical synthesis economics, the Mundell-Fleming Model describes the behavior of currencies under a gold standard. Since the value of the currencies is fixed by the par value of each currency to gold, the remaining freedom of action is distributed between free movement of capital, and effective monetary and fiscal policy. One reason that most modern macro-economists do not support a return to gold is the fear that this remaining amount of freedom would be insufficient to combat large downturns or deflation.

Advocates and opponents of a renewed gold standard The return to the gold standard is supported by Objectivist philosophy, followers of the Austrian School, and many libertarianism.

It is generally opposed by the vast majority of governments and economists, because the gold standard has frequently been shown to provide insufficient flexibility in the money supply and in fiscal policy, because the supply of newly mined gold is finite and must be carefully husbanded and accounted for.

Few economists today advocate a return to the gold standard, other than the Austrian school and some supply-side economics. However, many prominent economists are sympathetic with a hard currency basis, and argue against fiat money, including former US Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan and macro-economist Robert Barro. The current monetary system relies on the US Dollar as an “anchor currency” which major transactions, such as the price of gold itself, are measured in. Currency instabilities, inconvertibility and credit access restriction are a few reasons why the current system has been criticized. A host of alternatives have been suggested, including energy-based currencies, market baskets of currencies or commodities; gold is merely one of these alternatives.

In 2001 Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad proposed a new currency that would be used initially for international trade between Muslim nations. The currency he proposed was called the islamic gold dinar and it was defined as 4.25 grams of 24 carat (purity) (100%) gold. Mahathir Mohamad promoted the concept on the basis of its economic merits as a stable unit of account and also as a political symbol to create greater unity between Islamic nations. The purported purpose of this move would be to reduce dependence on the United States dollar as a reserve currency, and to establish a non-debt-backed currency in accord with Sharia against the charging of interest. Nonetheless, gold dinar currency has not yet materialized .

Ron Paul, a congressman from Texas and candidate for the 2008 Republican nomination for President, advocates the U.S. abolishment of the Federal Reserve and reinstitution of the gold standard.

Gold as a reserve today , still form an important currency reserve and store of private wealth.

During the 1990s Russia liquidated much of the former USSR's gold reserves, while several other nations accumulated gold in preparation for the Economic and Monetary Union. The Swiss Franc left a full gold-convertible backing. However, official gold reserves are held in significant quantity by many nations as a means of defending their currency, and hedging against the US Dollar, which forms the bulk of liquid currency reserves. Weakness in the US Dollar tends to be offset by strengthening of gold prices. Gold remains a principal financial asset of almost all central banks alongside foreign currencies and government bonds. It is also held by central banks as a way of hedging against loans to their own governments as an "internal reserve". Approximately 25% of all above-ground gold is held in reserves by central banks.

Both gold coins and gold bars are widely traded in deeply liquid markets, and therefore still serve as a private store of wealth. Also some privately issued currencies, such as digital gold currency, are backed by gold reserves.

In 1999, to protect the value of gold as a reserve, European Central Bankers signed the "Washington Agreement", which stated they would not allow gold leasing for speculative purposes, nor would they "enter the market as sellers" except for sales that had already been agreed upon.

See also

References





Articles

External links



Welcome to Gold Standard

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On the evening of Tuesday 25 November 2008 in the Members’ Dining Room at the House of Commons, the sixth annual Gold Standard Awards ceremony will recognise and reward a select ...

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A unique partnership between Columbia and the UK pioneers a trade in ethical jewellery. ... Wedding and engagement rings are made from the ethical gold

 

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